![]() ![]() This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented, diverted or recovered. The final action is disposal, in landfills or through incineration without energy recovery. Following this step is material recovery and waste-to-energy. The next is recycling which includes composting. The next step or preferred action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is that policies should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of end waste see: resource recovery. The waste hierarchy is the bedrock of most waste minimization strategies. The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which classifies waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. ĭiagram of the waste hierarchy Waste hierarchy According to the Global E-waste Monitor 2017, India generates ~ 2 million tonnes (Mte) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among the e-waste producing countries, after the US, P.R. Electronic waste (ewaste) includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs (CDs), headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. They also found that broad priority areas each lack a "high-quality research base", partly due to the absence of "substantial research funding", which motivated scientists often require. ![]() In the first systematic review of the scientific evidence around global waste, its management and its impact on human health and life, authors concluded that about a fourth of all the municipal solid terrestrial waste is not collected and an additional fourth is mismanaged after collection, often being burned in open and uncontrolled fires – or close to one billion tons per year when combined. Measures of waste management include measures for integrated techno-economic mechanisms of a circular economy, effective disposal facilities, export and import control and optimal sustainable design of products that are produced. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), municipal solid waste is expected to reach approximately 3.4 Gt by 2050 however, policies and lawmaking can reduce the amount of waste produced in different areas and cities of the world. A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial activity. Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are efficient, sustainable, and socially supported. A report found that effective waste management is relatively expensive, usually comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets. Proper management of waste is important for building sustainable and liveable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. Waste management practices are not uniform among countries ( developed and developing nations) regions ( urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches. A big part of waste management deals with municipal solid waste, which is created by industrial, commercial, and household activity. The aim of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the environment and human health. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human health, the environment, planetary resources and aesthetics. Waste is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Directly, through the handling of solid waste, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil and food. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly. Health issues are associated throughout the entire process of waste management. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological, household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and each type has different methods of disposal and management. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management process and waste-related laws, technologies, economic mechanisms. Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. A recycling and waste-to-energy plant for waste that is not exported
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